The Green Ages: Medieval Innovations in Sustainability

Kehnel’s (medieval history, Univ. of Mannheim; Clonmacnois: The Church and Lands of St. Ciar’an) lively study shows that people have attempted for two centuries at least to solve natural resource shortages using a problem-solving model that no longer works. Thus, the world is in crisis. Her book shows that previous generations dealt with similar concerns; they had to determine how to address their needs without endangering the ability of future generations to obtain necessary resources. Her examination rips holes in the modernist myth of progress versus stagnation. Long chapters on sharing, recycling, down-sizing, and microfinancing (giving short-term credit to small producers) are eye-openers for readers brought up on the modern myth of progress, disposable goods, and unending growth. Monastic orders; forest, fishing, and grazing cooperatives; Beguines (communities of pious laywomen); Diogenes and the Cynics; and St. Francis and his followers are all mentioned, which creates a rich and revealing tapestry. The concept of homo cooperans (a mindset that relies on compassion and collective action) emerges as an attractive alternative to the homo economicus of the current age, who pursues self-interest and personal wealth.